![]() Advantageously, a histopathologic examination detects fungal agents in invaded tissues and vessels. Universal methods for the laboratory diagnosis of mycotic infections include direct microscopic examination, histopathology, microbial culture, antigen detection, serology, and molecular tests. The early diagnosis of mycoses is very important to be able to institute effective therapy. ![]() As these organisms evolve, they may acquire the potential to cause epidemics thus, there is a need to highlight these mycoses in wildlife. In addition, an increase in their prevalence has been reported in the human population probably due to antibiotic resistance. Little attention has been paid to fungal zoonoses originating from wildlife because of the low spread. Viral and bacterial zoonotic diseases originating from wildlife have continued to emerge and spread rapidly, with some of them surpassing epidemic levels to pandemic proportions. From a universal perspective, zoonotic infections have been identified for many centuries, and they account for the majority of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases that have significantly impacted the health status and economy of countries around the globe. Additionally, the appreciable tally of zoonotic mycoses is among the most representative and frequently diagnosed fungal diseases globally. Some zoonotic mycoses of wild animals can cause significant public health problems. This has caused an atypical total of fungal and fungal-like diseases that have recently caused some of the utmost austere wild animal extinctions ever reported. However, a growing number of the stubborn fungal diseases of animals caused by cosmopolitan and pathogenic fungi have occurred over the last two decenniums. In conclusion, this review will highlight the etiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, pathogenesis, pathogenicity, pathology, and hematological/serum biochemical findings of five important mycoses found in wild animals.Īlthough human and non-human hosts are increasingly becoming prone to infectious spores, fungi have been omitted as a possible cause of diseases. This will have implications for forestalling future epidemics of these potential zoonotic mycotic diseases originating from wildlife. The most important data used in the diagnosis of these wildlife mycoses with a zoonotic potential have been re-emphasized. Several diagnostic techniques such as fungal isolation, gross pathology, histopathology, histochemistry, cytology, immunohistochemistry, radiography, CT, and molecular methods such as PCR or ELISA have been invaluable in the diagnosis of wildlife mycoses. Most of these mycotic diseases in wildlife are zoonotic, and with the emergence and re-emergence of viral and bacterial zoonotic diseases originating from wildlife, which are causing devastating effects on the human population, it is important to pay attention to these wildlife-borne mycotic diseases with zoonotic capabilities. Some of these fungal diseases are capable of virulent infections and are now considered emerging diseases due to the extremely high number of cases diagnosed with fungal infections in the last few decades. Tomas Rivera’s short story, “Zoo Island,” describes how Mexican immigrants suffered in the 1920s and 1930s, but it also offers a bit of hope.In the past few years, there has been a spurred tripling in the figures of fungal diseases leading to one of the most alarming rates of extinction ever reported in wild species. The immigrants and their children work in the fields, day after day. When it’s dark, they go to the market and then back to their meager camp to sleep. They wake the next day and endlessly repeat the same, excruciatingly boring, cycle. ![]() One of the children, Jose, decides to ward off boredom by taking a census (a population count) to see how many people are in their community. Jose is a fifteen year old boy who lives in the migrant work camp with many other Mexicans. The camp is on a farm owned by an American. Jose’s census reveals that there are more people in his “town” than in the nearby town where they get their groceries. It has churches, schools and other standard facilities that Americans too often take for granted.ĭespite their greater population, the other town has far more wealth. Rivera’s story describes both the pain and pride that the young Jose feels at realizing his community is larger Knowing this gives the boy and his community a bit of hope. Rivera’s story highlights the inequity and poverty of immigrants during this time, but it also points toward a future where things might change. Tomas Rivera's own history reflects the situation of his characters. His parents were Mexican immigrants and he was born in Texas, 1935. His dream was always to break out of his migrant shell and he did. He got his PhD in Philosophy at The University of Oklahoma and later taught at high schools.
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